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Are Candles Bad for Indoor Air Quality?
Andy Potter • February 3, 2025

Once a simple, archaic light source, candles have become fundamental additions to many modern homes. They provide a warm shift in ambience and decorate our tables, shelves, and mantlepieces. However, recent studies have revealed shadows behind the wax light, posing questions such as: 'Are candles contributing to indoor air pollution?'


The answer isn't quite as simple and is much more nuanced than a yes or no. 

How harmful a candle is can depend on several compositional factors, including wax type and the chemicals used to create synthetic fragrances. In this blog, the air quality experts at Ultra Protect will explore the research and potential risks associated with candle usage.


Are Some Candles Worse Than Others?


While some candles are safer than others, certain waxes should be avoided altogether. Paraffin, derived from petroleum, releases the same carcinogenic chemicals as diesel. These cancer-causing volatile compounds include formaldehyde and benzene. Studies performed by the Environmental Protection Agency discovered that burning candles made from paraffin wax contributes to much higher levels of indoor air pollution. 


Scented candles often contain phthalates, a group of endocrine-damaging chemicals inimical to the reproductive, neurological, and developmental systems. Children are especially susceptible to phthalates' harmful nature, which can adversely affect their overall development. 


Though reactions may vary depending on the individual, candles made with synthetic fragrances can also cause allergic reactions, from rashes to anaphylaxis. 


However, it's important to note that not all candles are equally toxic. Less harmful waxes, such as beeswax and soy, are safer options, though they can also negatively affect indoor air quality from the combustion perspective. Often marketed as the 'healthier' option, beeswax may, in fact, improve air quality by neutralising airborne pollutants.


How Do Candles Affect Respiratory Health?

When discussing candles and indoor air quality, the effects on respiratory health are most certainly worth mentioning. Like any combustible material, when lit, candles release toxic fumes and ultrafine particulate pollutants into the surrounding atmosphere. 


Candles also release soot, which can stain surfaces, including ceilings and furniture, and contaminate dated ventilation systems. 


What Are Ultrafine Particles?


A study conducted in Denmark found that burning a candle for over two hours contributed to two-thirds of the total ultrafine particles. Unlike larger particles that our bodies can filter out, ultrafine particles can seep into the respiratory system and enter the bloodstream, leading to various health issues. 


While occasional candle use is unlikely to affect respiratory health severely, constant exposure to ultrafine particles can compound a range of health concerns, especially for those diagnosed with preexisting ailments.


Symptomatic Reactions


Individuals with lung conditions like bronchitis or asthma may experience their symptoms worsening when inhaling volatile compounds and pollutants. 


While they may not have any underlying respiratory conditions, some people are prone to lightheadedness and headaches when exposed to synthetically produced fragrances, with more serious cases leading to bouts of nausea.


Long-Term Risks


As with any pollutant—indoors or outdoors—long-term exposure, especially to high levels, can contribute to the manifestation of severe health conditions. Though more research is required, it is safer to assume that when misused over long periods, candles, most notably paraffin wax, can become detrimental to respiratory health. 


Are There Alternatives & Practices for Safer Usage?

If you enjoy burning candles and want to minimise their effect on indoor air quality, several risk-reducing alternatives and practices exist for safe usage. Here are three that can make the most notable difference. 


LED Candles


Enhancing the ambience of your indoor space can be achieved without candles; instead, you can use LED candles that provide the same glow without any emissions. 


Essential Oil Diffusers


Try using essential oil diffusers if the scented quality draws you to candles. Something to note: essential oils, though safer in terms of pollutants, are known to be harmful to pets. 


Improve Ventilation


To reduce the effects and health risks associated with candle use, it would be advisable always to burn candles in well-ventilated spaces to mitigate pollutants from building up. Open windows and use air purifiers like HEPA filters to remove volatile compounds. 


If you’re a business owner, perhaps of a candle boutique, Ultra Protect offers
indoor air quality assessments to ensure the air your employees and customers breathe is as healthy as possible. 


Are Candles as Bad as Other Indoor Pollutants?


While it's worth understanding the impact of candles, other indoor activities, such as cooking with processed oils and using cleaning products brimming with chemicals, also adversely affect indoor air quality. 


If you live in an urbanised area suffering from high outdoor pollution, ensuring your indoor air quality is managed to a safer level might be a conscious concern. Though candles don't contribute as much as frying food in overly processed oils, limiting their use is a sure way to improve air quality inside your home.


Candles & Indoor Air Quality


So, are candles bad for indoor air quality? Well, the answer depends on the type of candle, how long you burn it, and how well-ventilated your home is. 


This blog's aim isn't to discourage you from using candles but to ensure you make safe and informed decisions to safeguard your home and health. Be mindful of the candles you use, avoid paraffin and opt for beeswax, open windows or use air purifiers. 


By making informed decisions, you can enjoy the warmth and ambience without ever compromising the air you breathe. For more information,
contact our team and take your first breath towards cleaner, healthier air today. 

how to choose a good air purifier for your office
By Andy Potter February 11, 2025
The workplace is where your employees spend the majority of their time during the week, and having great air quality is crucial not only for their health but also for their productivity. Improving the air quality in your office minimises the risk of your employees having to take sick leave, as it reduces the level of respiratory diseases and allergens in the air. Investing in a high-quality air purifier is one of the best ways to improve the air quality in your workspace. There’s no shortage of air purifiers on the market, but how do you know which is best? This is our comprehensive explainer guide to why you should invest in an air purifier and the factors you must keep at the forefront of your mind during your search. The Importance Of Indoor Air Quality In The Workplace Indoor air quality (IAQ) is vital in the workplace, and it refers to the quality of the air within indoor spaces. Poor indoor air quality correlates directly with the amount of sick days taken in workplaces. Having a poor IAQ can cause a number of different detrimental health side effects, including allergies, headaches, dizziness, nausea and respiratory problems. The World Health Organisation has called air quality “the world’s largest single environmental health risk,” so there is definite cause for concern regarding your workplace's IAQ. Not only is it vital for ensuring workplace health and safety, but it’s also crucial for maintaining a great reputation in your industry. What Kinds Of Rules & Regulations Are In Place For Workplace IAQ? There are a number of different rules around IAQ that are set out in the Health and Safety Executive (HSE) regulations. These regulations state that all workplaces must be ventilated with enough fresh air to prevent ill health. The HSE recommends a fresh air supply of 5-8 litres per second per person but in commercial buildings, 10 litres per second per person is the recommendation. Investing in air purifiers for business is a great way to ensure that you are always compliant with the most current IAQ regulations. When it comes to air quality, the air introduced into a workplace needs to be free of impurities or airborne diseases that may cause illness. But with so many air purifiers on the market, how do you know which is best for your business? Choosing An Air Purifier: Everything You Need To Know When it comes to air purifiers , there are a few things you have to be aware of in order to get the most out of your model – there’s no point investing in an air purifier if you’re not going to see any benefits. These are some of the most important things you need to be aware of when you’re looking for an air purification system that will work for your space. 1. Room Size Knowing the room size is crucial if you’re looking for an air purifier for your workplace. There’s no point investing in a model that isn’t large enough when you calculate your air volume. 2. Your Problem Knowing your problem is key to figuring out which purifier is going to work best for your business. First uncover if your IAQ problems are to do with viruses, mould, smells or something else entirely so that you can tailor your solutions to best suit your needs. 3. Your Needs Once you’ve got your room size and your problem pinpointed, you can begin to look for an air purifier that creates the correct number of Air Changes per Hour (ACH), if this isn’t able to be achieved, your air purifier won’t perform. You also have to be aware of the types of filters that you need as this can have a big impact on ACH. It’s crucial to choose a model that has the right sensor for your needs, otherwise, the auto mode becomes redundant. For example, if smells or dust are the major problem you’re facing, having a model with an in-built CO2 detector isn’t necessary. Types Of Businesses That Can Benefit From Air Purifiers There are a number of businesses that benefit from air purifiers and it’s not just office spaces. Hotels, nursing homes, construction sites and student accommodation are all examples of spaces where IAQ is crucial. Hotel rooms, student accommodation, and offices that lack ventilation can experience issues with both air quality and mould, so ensuring you have an air purification process in place is vital to ensure the safety of employees, guests, and residents alike. Office spaces may benefit from ultra-quiet models that can be on at all times without interrupting telephone calls or important meetings. Whilst hotels and student accommodations may benefit from a wall model that has both air purification and dehumidification in a single unit so you can improve ventilation, prevent mould and improve air quality. Types Of Filters For Your Workplace HEPA HEPA air filters can trap 99.97% of airborne particles that are 0.3 microns or smaller. They remove allergens like dust, mould, pollen and dander. They can also effectively remove smoke and fumes. HEPA filters are great for use in hospitals, nursing homes, hospices, and other areas where constant air purification is an absolute must. Carbon Filters Carbon filters use activated carbon to remove smells, gasses and pollutants from the air. They’re great for removing smells from smoke as well as removing volatile organic compounds like paint, cleaning products and construction materials. They are also effective at removing gasses from acetone and paint fumes, so they are great for construction sites. UC-V UC-V purifiers use Ultraviolet-C light to eliminate airborne pathogens like bacteria, viruses and mould spores. They are great for air purification in areas where reducing airborne pathogens is vital. The UV-C light is combined with filtration technologies like HEPA or carbon filters to neutralise and remove any potential contaminants. Air Purifier Placement Placement matters when it comes to choosing an air purifier for your workplace. You need to ensure it is off the floor, which saves space and ensures that it doesn’t just get unplugged and forgotten about by an employee. Wall models are a great option for businesses as they can be wired into an electrical circuit to be on 24/7. These are perfect for workplaces as you can “set and forget” your air purifier and rest assured that the IAQ in your space is in line with UK regulations. They’re also great as they save space and are a discreet option if aesthetics are important to you. Ceiling models (with noise reduction) are another popular option for workplaces. They can be easily added to the correct positions so that the room's individuals benefit directly from the clean airflow. How Can Ultra Protect Help You? If you’ve been wondering how to choose a good air purifier for your business, our team at Ultra Protect is here to help. In addition to our range of air purifiers, we also have InBiot , a smart solution that monitors and enhances your building's indoor air quality in real-time. Whether you’re looking to upgrade your current air purification process or you’re moving to a new space and want to start fresh, we can provide you with bespoke solutions that will work for your business. Contact us today for a consultation or for more information on how you can effectively improve the IAQ in your workplace.
carbon monoxide risk assessment
By Andy Potter January 13, 2025
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